Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system that leads to neurological disability. The diagnosis of MS relies on the MRI criteria, which can demonstrate dissemination in space and time. Exclusion of other demyelinating mimics is essential because there are no specific biomarker for MS and MRI criteria are still have imperfect. There is incremental improvements in MS treatment option that have contributed to the delay of disease progression. The early initiation of DMT may ameliorate the neurological disability. In this review, we discusses the new diagnostic MS criteria and summarize the evidences supporting the early treatment in the course of MS.

Controlling pain in cancer patients is important for several reasons including patient quality of life (QOL). In moderate-to-severe cancer-pain management, opioid analgesics are indispensable. Among these, morphine is the most representative. Unfortunately, many studies have shown that morphine is potentially associated with cancer growth, recurrence, and metastasis. Specifically, in animal as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, morphine has been demonstrated to have possibly positive effects on cancer progression. However, those effects have not yet been confirmed as entirely harmful, for several reasons: the results of animal and laboratory research have not been subjected to clinical trials; there are as yet no well-designed clinical studies, and indeed, some studies have shown that morphine can have negative, suppression effects on tumor growth. This review paper will present some of the data on the potentially positive relationships between morphine and cancer. It should not be forgotten, though, that such relationships remain controversial, and that pain itself promotes cancer progression.

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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare genetic disease. Precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) with NF1 is an extremely severe complication. A 65-year-old woman was admitted in our hospital with 3-year history of gradually worsening dyspnea on exertion (New York Heart Association functional class III-IV). Considering her clinical feature and examination findings, she could be diagnosed as PH associated with NF1. She was treated with endothelin receptor antagonist. However her dyspnea was not significantly improved. This is the first Korean case of NF1 patient with PH which confirmed with right heart catheterization.

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During the course of evaluation and management of neck masses, consideration for Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) should be given. IgG4-RD is relatively a new growing entity of immune-mediated origin, characterized by a mass-forming lesion, the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and occasionally elevated serum IgG4. The most common manifestations are parotid and lacrimal swelling, lymphadenopathy and autoimmune pancreatitis.

A previously healthy 72-year-old man was referred to our clinic with a 2-month history of left cervical lymph node enlargement without systemic manifestations . A cervical lymph node biopsy was planned because of elevated serum IgG4 levels. Pathological findings showed prominent infiltration of IgG4-postive plasma cells in the lymph node. After steroid therapy, a computed tomography scan revealed a decrease in the cervical lymph node size.

This case illustrates the importance of including IgG4-RD in the differential diagnosis of a cervical lymph node enlargement.

We report a case of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with fragile X syndrome. The relationship between fragile X syndrome and Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is unclear. However, More research will need about the causes and treatment of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

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Stress induced cardiomyopathy is a disease that shows a dysfunction of the ventricle, but it can be rapidly reversible. It often occurs in older women primarily who suffers from emotional or physical stress. There are some case reports about postpartum stress induced cardiomyopathy. Most of the patients are recovered naturally within days to weeks. We report a case of a 37 years-old woman, who had experienced postpartum stress induced cardiomyopathy 8 years ago, revisited hospital because of cardiomyopathy after secondary delivery. Herein we report a rare case of recurrent stress induced cardiomyopathy after secondary normal vaginal delivery.

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Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a local ablative modality, is gaining acceptance for the treatment of liver malignancies. Despite a relatively low complication rate, tumor seeding resulting from RFA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment can occur. A 44-year-old woman was diagnosed with HCC. Spiral computed tomography (CT) revealed a 2.3 × 2.0-cm mass in the S5 segment, which was treated with RFA on May, 2005. Follow-up imaging, performed at 6-month intervals after RFA, showed complete tumor necrosis. In October 2009, CT revealed a heterogeneous mass, 5.7 cm in diameter, in the right ovary. Since the lesion was limited to the right ovary without evidence of spread, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Histopathology indicated that the metastatic spread from the HCC to the ovary was positive for hepatocyte-specific antigen on immunohistochemistry. The ovary is a rare site for HCC metastasis. Moreover, needle tract implantation of HCC in the ovary is very rare.

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Although benign nerve sheath tumors have been described, primary tracheal schwannomas are extremely rare. We report a case of primary tracheal schwannoma, a rare benign nerve sheath tumor in a 58-year-old man with atypical symptoms of chronic cough, sputum and dyspnea for 2 months. Chest computerized tomography showed a 1.7 cm polypoid lesion in posterior wall of mid trachea. The results of bronchoscopic biopsy and immuno-histo-chemical studies were consistent with schwannoma. A surgical treatment of tumor resection and tracheal reconstruction by end-to-end anastomosis was performed.

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A 32-year-old multiparous woman (gravida 2, para 2) with a history of previous cesarean section had acute abdominal pain and collapsed at 21 weeks of gestation. Exploratory laparotomy was performed because of the patient's worsening condition; ultrasound examination results were suggestive of massive hemoperitoneum, and fetus in vertex presentation with bradycardia. Uterine rupture between the left lower segment and borderline of the cervix in the anterior wall with active bleeding was confirmed. An uncomplicated classical cesarean section was performed, but the fetus was stillborn due to preterm birth. Hysterectomy was performed after the cesarean section. The patient was admitted to intensive care units for 3 days and was discharged in 12 days following delivery. Placenta percreta at the anterior lower segment of the uterus was confirmed in the pathology report.

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