1World Vision, Kampala, Uganda
2London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
3Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Kosin University College of Medicine.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
Eun Seok Kim and Chi Eun Oh are editorial board members of the journal but were not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: CEO. Data curation: CEO. Formal analysis: ESK, CEO. Funding acquisition: none. Methodology: ESK, CEO. Project administration: CEO. Visualization: ESK, CEO. Writing - original draft: ESK, CEO. Writing - review & editing: ESK, CEO. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
First author (year) | Vaccine | Mean age (yr) | No. of participants (% of men) | Study design | Measurements | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiegel (2002) [26] | Influenza vaccine | 23 | 25 (100) | Sleep restriction (n=11) | Antibody titer 10 days and 3–4 weeks after vaccination | The average antibody titer 10 days after vaccination in the sleep-deprived group was less than half of that in the normal sleep group. |
Normal sleep time (n=14) | There was no significant difference in the antibody titer between the two groups 3–4 weeks after vaccination. | |||||
Lange (2003) [28] | HAV | Range: 20–35 | 19 (47) | Sleep deprivation on the night of vaccination (n=9) | Antibody titer 28 days after vaccination | The antibody titers were almost twice as high in those who normally slept after vaccination compared with the titers of those who were awake the night after vaccination. |
Normal sleep (n=10) | ||||||
Lange (2011) [29] | HAV and HBV | 26.1 | 27 (100) | Sleep deprivation on the night of vaccination (n=14) | Ag-specific Th cell response and HAV- and HBs-specific Ab | Post-vaccination sleep boosted the development of the Th1 immune response. |
Normal sleep (n=13) | Sleep enhanced the HAV and HBV-specific IgG1 response. | |||||
Benedict (2012) [30] | Influenza A and H1N1 virus vaccine | Sleep deprivation group: 20.4 | 24 (46) | Sleep deprivation (n=11) | Specific antibody titer on days 5, 10, 17, and 52 following vaccination | In comparison to the sleep group, the sleep-deprived male group but not the female group had reduced antibody titers 5 days after vaccination. |
Sleep group: 20.6 | Normal sleep (n=13) | There was no difference in antibody titers at later time points between the sleep group and the sleep-deprived group. | ||||
Prather (2012) [31] | HBV | 50.1 | 125 (44) | No intervention | (1) Sleep efficiency (actigraphy-derived), sleep duration (diary-based), or subjective sleep quality | A shorter sleep duration was associated with a lower antibody response to vaccination. |
(2) Blood sample collection: before the second and third vaccinations and 6 months after the last dose | Sleep efficiency and sleep quality were generally not related to the magnitude of the antibody response to HBV. | |||||
Prather (2021) [27] | Influenza vaccine | 18.3 | 83 (44) | 13 Days of sleep diaries and administration of influenza vaccine on day 3 of the study | Antibodies to the A/New Caledonia viral strain 1 and 4 months after vaccination | A shorter sleep duration on the two nights before the vaccination was associated with fewer antibodies 1 and 4 months after vaccination. |
First author (year) | Vaccine | Age (yr) | No of participants (% of women) | Study design | Measurement | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long (2016) [38] | Influenza vaccine | ≥65 | 276 (49) | Morning vaccination: 9–11 AM | (1) Antibody titers: pre- and post- (1 month) vaccination | The participants vaccinated in the morning had a greater antibody response than those vaccinated in the afternoon. |
Afternoon vaccination: 3–5 PM | (2) Serum cytokine and steroid hormone levels at baseline | The cytokine and steroid hormone levels were not related to the antibody responses. | ||||
Karabay (2008) [39] | Hepatitis B vaccine | 19–23 | 63 (57) | Morning vaccination (n=30) | Anti-HBs titers: 1 month after the final vaccination | After three doses of vaccine, there was no difference in the geometric mean antibody titers between the morning vaccination group and the evening vaccination group. |
Evening vaccination (n=33) | ||||||
Phillips (2008) [40] | Study 1: hepatitis A vaccine | Study 1: mean age of 22.9 | Study 1: 75 (55) | Study 1: morning (n=39) or evening (n=36) vaccination | Antibody titers: pre- and post- (1 month) vaccination | Men, but not women, vaccinated in the morning showed a stronger antibody response to HAV and influenza vaccines than men vaccinated in the afternoon. |
Study 2: influenza vaccine | Study 2: mean age of 73.1 | Study 2: 89 (57) | Study 2: time of day of vaccination-an opportunistic variable. A binary AM (n=59)/PM (n=30) variable was created. | |||
Gottlob (2019) [41] | Hexavalent vaccine | Gestational age at birth: 26–30 weeks | 26 (58) | Morning vaccination (n=12) | (1) CER: episodes of hypoxemia or bradycardia | There was no impact of morning or evening vaccination on the CER. |
Evening vaccination (n=14) | (2) Antibody titers for pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b at a corrected age of 3 months | Vaccination led to an increase in the CER in both groups; however, there was no difference in the CER between the morning and evening groups. | ||||
The antibody titers for Bordetella pertussis increased in both groups, with no difference in the levels of inflammatory markers 24 hours after vaccination. |
First author (year) | Vaccine | Mean age (yr) | No. of participants (% of men) | Study design | Measurements | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiegel (2002) [26] | Influenza vaccine | 23 | 25 (100) | Sleep restriction (n=11) | Antibody titer 10 days and 3–4 weeks after vaccination | The average antibody titer 10 days after vaccination in the sleep-deprived group was less than half of that in the normal sleep group. |
Normal sleep time (n=14) | There was no significant difference in the antibody titer between the two groups 3–4 weeks after vaccination. | |||||
Lange (2003) [28] | HAV | Range: 20–35 | 19 (47) | Sleep deprivation on the night of vaccination (n=9) | Antibody titer 28 days after vaccination | The antibody titers were almost twice as high in those who normally slept after vaccination compared with the titers of those who were awake the night after vaccination. |
Normal sleep (n=10) | ||||||
Lange (2011) [29] | HAV and HBV | 26.1 | 27 (100) | Sleep deprivation on the night of vaccination (n=14) | Ag-specific Th cell response and HAV- and HBs-specific Ab | Post-vaccination sleep boosted the development of the Th1 immune response. |
Normal sleep (n=13) | Sleep enhanced the HAV and HBV-specific IgG1 response. | |||||
Benedict (2012) [30] | Influenza A and H1N1 virus vaccine | Sleep deprivation group: 20.4 | 24 (46) | Sleep deprivation (n=11) | Specific antibody titer on days 5, 10, 17, and 52 following vaccination | In comparison to the sleep group, the sleep-deprived male group but not the female group had reduced antibody titers 5 days after vaccination. |
Sleep group: 20.6 | Normal sleep (n=13) | There was no difference in antibody titers at later time points between the sleep group and the sleep-deprived group. | ||||
Prather (2012) [31] | HBV | 50.1 | 125 (44) | No intervention | (1) Sleep efficiency (actigraphy-derived), sleep duration (diary-based), or subjective sleep quality | A shorter sleep duration was associated with a lower antibody response to vaccination. |
(2) Blood sample collection: before the second and third vaccinations and 6 months after the last dose | Sleep efficiency and sleep quality were generally not related to the magnitude of the antibody response to HBV. | |||||
Prather (2021) [27] | Influenza vaccine | 18.3 | 83 (44) | 13 Days of sleep diaries and administration of influenza vaccine on day 3 of the study | Antibodies to the A/New Caledonia viral strain 1 and 4 months after vaccination | A shorter sleep duration on the two nights before the vaccination was associated with fewer antibodies 1 and 4 months after vaccination. |
First author (year) | Vaccine | Age (yr) | No of participants (% of women) | Study design | Measurement | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long (2016) [38] | Influenza vaccine | ≥65 | 276 (49) | Morning vaccination: 9–11 AM | (1) Antibody titers: pre- and post- (1 month) vaccination | The participants vaccinated in the morning had a greater antibody response than those vaccinated in the afternoon. |
Afternoon vaccination: 3–5 PM | (2) Serum cytokine and steroid hormone levels at baseline | The cytokine and steroid hormone levels were not related to the antibody responses. | ||||
Karabay (2008) [39] | Hepatitis B vaccine | 19–23 | 63 (57) | Morning vaccination (n=30) | Anti-HBs titers: 1 month after the final vaccination | After three doses of vaccine, there was no difference in the geometric mean antibody titers between the morning vaccination group and the evening vaccination group. |
Evening vaccination (n=33) | ||||||
Phillips (2008) [40] | Study 1: hepatitis A vaccine | Study 1: mean age of 22.9 | Study 1: 75 (55) | Study 1: morning (n=39) or evening (n=36) vaccination | Antibody titers: pre- and post- (1 month) vaccination | Men, but not women, vaccinated in the morning showed a stronger antibody response to HAV and influenza vaccines than men vaccinated in the afternoon. |
Study 2: influenza vaccine | Study 2: mean age of 73.1 | Study 2: 89 (57) | Study 2: time of day of vaccination-an opportunistic variable. A binary AM (n=59)/PM (n=30) variable was created. | |||
Gottlob (2019) [41] | Hexavalent vaccine | Gestational age at birth: 26–30 weeks | 26 (58) | Morning vaccination (n=12) | (1) CER: episodes of hypoxemia or bradycardia | There was no impact of morning or evening vaccination on the CER. |
Evening vaccination (n=14) | (2) Antibody titers for pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b at a corrected age of 3 months | Vaccination led to an increase in the CER in both groups; however, there was no difference in the CER between the morning and evening groups. | ||||
The antibody titers for Bordetella pertussis increased in both groups, with no difference in the levels of inflammatory markers 24 hours after vaccination. |
HAV, hepatitis A vaccine; HBV, hepatitis B vaccine; HBs-specific Ab, hepatitis B surface antigen-specific antibody.
Anti-HBs, hepatitis B surface antibody titers; HAV, hepatitis A vaccine; CER, cardiorespiratory event rate.