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• Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Care: Advancements in Bone Care and Future Directions
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  Bioengineering.2025; 12(5): 513.     CrossRef
• Current Bioinformatics Tools in Precision Oncology
  Tesfaye Wolde, Vipul Bhardwaj, Vijay Pandey
  MedComm.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient, currently inactive, and non-infectious due to recombination, deletions, and mutations in the host genome. However, HERV-derived elements are involved in physiological phenomena including inflammatory response. In recent studies, HERV-derived elements were involved directly in various inflammatory diseases including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Sjogren’s syndrome. Regarding the involvement of HERV-derived elements in inflammation, two possible mechanisms have been proposed. First, HERV-derived elements cause nonspecific innate immune processes. Second, HERV-derived RNA or proteins might stimulate selective signaling mechanisms. However, it is unknown how silent HERV elements are activated in the inflammatory response and what factors and signaling mechanisms are involved with HERV-derived elements. In this review, we introduce HERV-related autoimmune diseases and propose the possible action mechanisms of HERV-derived elements in the inflammatory response at the molecular level.

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  Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Correlation analysis of cancer stem cell marker CD133 and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K env in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells
  Do-Ye Kim, Heungyeol Kim, Eun-Ji Ko, Suk Bong Koh, Hongbae Kim, Ji Young Lee, Chul Min Lee, Wan Kyu Eo, Ki Hyung Kim, Hee-Jae Cha
  Genes & Genomics.2024; 46(4): 511.     CrossRef
• The Humoral Immune Response against Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Celiac Disease: A Case–Control Study
  Marco Bo, Roberto Manetti, Maria Luigia Biggio, Leonardo A. Sechi
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(8): 1811.     CrossRef
• Transcriptome analysis of the effect of HERV-K env gene knockout in ovarian cancer cell lines
  Eun-Ji Ko, Dong Soo Suh, Hongbae Kim, Ji Young Lee, Wan Kyu Eo, Heungyeol Kim, Ki Hyung Kim, Hee-Jae Cha
  Genes & Genomics.2024; 46(11): 1293.     CrossRef
• Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Their Putative Role in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease, Inflammation, and Senescence
  Patrycja Kozubek, Julia Kuźniar, Magdalena Czaja, Hanna Sitka, Urszula Kochman, Jerzy Leszek
  Biomedicines.2024; 13(1): 59.     CrossRef
• The Role of Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV)-K119 env in THP-1 Monocytic Cell Differentiation
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  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(21): 15566.     CrossRef
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• A Systems Biology Approach on the Regulatory Footprint of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs)
  Georgios S. Markopoulos
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A premature infant with gestational age 36⁺⁴ weeks was admitted with respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant and ventilation were firstly done to improve his respiration. After extubation, weak, high-pitched cry and asymmetric face with micrognathia and hypertelorism were detected. Therefore, cytogenetic analysis was performed, and his karyotype was 46, XY, del(5) (p14p15.33). Pontine hypoplasia was detected on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, karyotyping and cranial MRI should be performed in case of preterm infants with suspicion of Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCS).

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• Brain MRI Findings of the Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome: A Case Report and Summary
  Jin Sol Choi, Eun Ae Yoo, Jin Ok Choi, Soo Jung Kim
  Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2020; 81(4): 979.     CrossRef

A paradoxical response is not uncommon in non-HIV-infected patients, particularly those with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. It is defined as the radiological and clinical worsening of a previous lesion or the development of new lesion during anti-tuberculosis therapy. The paradoxical response has been attributed to host immunologic reactions, such as a delayed hypersensitivity or a response to mycobacterial antigens. In most reports of paradoxical response, these responses occurred in the same location as a previous lesion. In this patient with pulmonary tuberculosis, cervical lymph node enlargement occurred as a paradoxical response after the completion of anti-tuberculosis treatment. Although the new lesion developed in another location, it could be considered as a paradoxical response based on the negative culture result of acid fast bacilli from the new lesion and drug sensitivity result from initial bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. Therefore we were able to decide on the termination of unnecessary anti-tuberculous treatment. Based on our case, we can conclude that paradoxical response can occur after the termination of anti-tuberculosis therapy even in new site.